b2utiful night

This pattern is similar with -는데 and in my personal opinion (since it is not mentioned anywhere in my books) it is similar with -ㄹ/을 뿐만 아니라.

It can be used with verbs, adjectives and nouns in all tenses.
The following clause cannot be imperative on propositive.

The correct syntax per tense is as follows:

	A/V	NOUN
PRESENT	거니와	(이)거니와
PAST	았거니와/었거니와	이었거니와/였거니와
FUTURE	겠거니와	이겠거니와

As mentioned already, this pattern is used when acknowledging a certain fact  on the preceding sentence and adding additional information on the following clause.

Off to some examples now!

그녀는 공부를 잘하거니와 일도 열심히 해서 인기가 많아요
She's not only good at studying but she's also working hard and therefore she's popular.

그녀는 얼굴도 예쁘거니와 마음도 착해서 인기가 최고예요.
She's not only pretty but also kind and that's why she's so popular.

그는일도 열시미 했거니와 운도 좋아서 하는 일마다 큰 성공을 거뒀어요.
Not only he was working hard but he was also lucky so no matter what he did he always succeeded.


Lastly this form can also be used with the following expressions to emphasize that a fact is acknowledged.  Could be translated somewhat to "to say it again..."

The expressions most commonly used (but not limited to) with it are:
다시 말하다, 다시 설명하다, 거듭 덧붙이다

거듭 덧붙이거니와 내일은 늦으시면 안 됩니다.
[Used to emphasize the fact that one should not be late the following day]



sources: 외국인을 위한 한국어 문법2, Korean Grammar in Use Advanced

If you found this post helpful, please leave a comment and make my day ^_^

The grammatical form we are going to be looking at today is used as follows:

A/V+기는커녕  
N+은/는커녕

먹다 => 먹기는커녕
마시다 => 마시기는커녕
하다 => 하기는커녕

물 => 물은커녕
택시 => 택시는커녕

It can be used after particles such as 에서 => 에서는커녕 

Note: Please keep in mind that the form of N+는커녕 can be shortened into ㄴ커녕.

For example:
택시 => 택시는커녕 => 택신커녕

It is similar with A/V+은/는 고사하고 and N+는 것은 고사하고 and they can be interchangeably used.

This grammatical form is used mainly with negative sentences and could be translated in English as "..let alone....".  Therefore most of the times the second clause with have 안- , 못- or 없다.

It is used to indicate that the preceding part is needless to say because it is impossible compared to the following clause which could be possible but is still, under the circumstances, difficult too.

Kinda confusing right? Let's see some examples:

택시는커녕 버스를 타고 갈 돈도 없어요.
I don't even have money to take the bus, let alone taking a taxi.

여행하기는커녕 먹을 돈도 없어요.
I don't even have money to eat, let alone go on a trip.

그녀가 노래는커녕 춤조차 못 해요.
She can't dance, let alone sing.

그는 그의 장애로 인해 달리기는커녕 걷기도 못해요.
Due to his disability he can't even walk, let alone run.


sources: 외국인을 위한 한국어 문법2, Korean Grammar in Use Advanced

If you found this post helpful, please leave a comment and make my day ^_^








 

A/V + 거든 [1] - if
Similar with : 거들랑, (으)면

Connective ending that shows a condition or a supposition. The second sentence is usually followed by an imperative sentence or a future sentence (-겠어요, -을 것이다). Even though (으)면 can be used with -을 수 있다, 거든 cannot be used with it.

친구를 만나거든 안부를 전해 주세요.
If you meet your friend send my regards

옷이 안 맞거든 언제든지 바꾸러 오세요.
If the clothes don't fit, come anytime to change them.

이번 시험을 잘 보거든 명문 대학교에 입학할 수 있어요. (X)
이번 시험을 잘 보면 명문 대학교에 입학할 수 있어요. (O)
If you do well on this exam, you will be able to get into a prestigious university.


A/V+ 거든(요) [2]
N+(이)거든(요)
A/V+았/었거든(요)
Similar with : 거들랑

An ending that shows the reason about something.

직장 동료들이 그를 싫어해. 술버릇이 나쁘거든.
His co-workers hate him. (Because) He has a nasty drinking habit.

It can also be used when "connecting" our story, thus adding more info on something we said.

요즘 내가 좋아하는 사람이 있거든. 그런데 그 사람은 내 마음을 몰라.
There is someone I like. But he doesn't know my feelings.

내가 좀 바쁘거든..그래서 나를 만날 수 없어.
I'm a little busy.. so I can't meet you.

Also used to express someone's understanding of something strange or weird.

귀신이 곡할 노릇이거든!
How very strange!

Some examples with -거든 at the end of a sentence, being used as "because".

그 일을 왜 좋아하느냐 하면 재미있거든요.
If I was to say why I like this jod, it's because it's fun.

그 남자 배우가 요즘 무척 인기가 있어요. 잘생겼거든요.
This actor is really popular these days. It's because he's handsome. 


resource: 외국인을 위한 한국어 문법2

A/V stem + 고... (and)

We can connect sentences and clauses by adding -고 at the end of the verb/adjective stem. Just keep in mind that the subject of the sentence must be the same. When it comes to tense markers you can either choose to use them or not. Usually people just keep the pattern of the verb/adjective stem instead of using the tense markers but either way the meaning is exactly the same.

Examples:
키키가 예쁘고 똑똑해요 => Kiki is beautiful and smart.
나는 밥을 먹고 술을 마셔요 => I eat rice and I drink alcohol.
어제 친구랑 식사를 했고 영화를 봤어요 OR 
어제 친구랑 식사를 하고 영화를 봤어요 => Yesterday I ate and saw movie with my friend.
내일 극장에 갈 거고 산책을 할 거예요 OR 
내일 극장에 가고 산책을 할 거예요 => Tomorrow I will go to the theater and I will take a walk.



A/V stem + 거나 (or)

In order to say we either do this or that between verbs and descriptive adjectives, we add -거나 after their stem.

Sometimes between two actions, we use 아니면, which is the "IF" form of 아니다 (to not be), so basically it means "if not / if that's not the case". Also keep in mind that 아니면 is most commonly used when asking questions about two different actions.

As usual the tense is shown at the end of the sentence.

Sometimes people add the -거나 ending to all the verbs/adjectives of the connecting clauses and end the sentence by using 하다.

Examples:
친구를 만날 때 같이 영화를 보거나 음악을 들어요. => When I meet my friend we watch movie together or listen to music. 
(친구를 만날 때 같이 영화를 보거나 음악을 듣거나 해요)
내일 집에 가거나 (아니면) 친구를 만날 거예요 => Tomorrow I will (either) go home or meet a friend.



A/V stem + 지만 (but)

In order to show contrast between two clauses we add -지만 at the verb/adjective stem. You can also choose whether to use the tense marker in the middle of the sentence or leave it for the end of the sentence.

Examples:
키키가 예쁘지만 재미없어요 => Kiki is beautiful but she's not fun.
전주에 갔지만 비빔밥을 안 먹었어. = > I went to Jeonju but I didn't eat bibimbap.
(전주에 가지만 비빔밥을 안 먹었어.)
내일 서울에 갈 거지만 만날 시간이 없을 걸요 => I will go to Seoul tomorrow but I think I have no time to meet.
(내일 서울에 가지만 만날 시간이 없을 걸요)

N+만 .....(only)

Placed after a number, it can mean "the minimum" amount of the noun it follows. It can also be used with other particles such as 이/가,은/는 and 을/를 and form new particles such as 만이,만은 and 만을. For every other particle, such as 에서,에게,까지, it is places in the end, making new particles such as 에서만,에게만 and 까지만.

For example:
키키만이 대학에 입학했어요. => Only Kiki was accepted at the university.
키키에게만 선물을 줬어요 => I only gave a present to Kiki.
물만(을) 마셨어요 => I drank only water.


N+밖에+negative sentence....(only,nothing but)

Very similar with N+만 with the difference that this one can only be followed by a negative sentence whereas 만 can be followed by a verb in its original form.

It cannot be used with 아니다, imperative and propositive forms.

For example:
선물을 한개밖에 못 받았어요 => I only received one present.
한국어 조금 밖에 못 해요 => I can only speak a bit of Korean

Check the difference with 만 with the following example:

교실에 키키 씨밖에 없어요 => Only Kiki is in the classroom.
교실에 키키 씨만 없어요 => Everyone BUT Kiki is in the classroom.


N+쯤 ...(around/about, approximately)

We use this in order to express something is around/about/approximately.

For example:
하루에 8 시간쯤 자요 => I sleep about/around/approximately 8 hours a day
오늘 몆 시쯤 만날까요? => Around what time are we meeting today?



N+처럼 or N+같이....(like, as...as) - comparison

With those two particles we can compare a noun to something else.

For example:
그 사람은 한국어를 한국 사람처럼(같이) 잘해요 => He speaks Korean as good as a native Korean. 

As found on Korean Grammar in Use book here are some known comparisons:

호랑이처럼 무섭다 (scary)
토끼처럼 귀엽다 (cute)
거북이처럼 느리다 (slow to act)
돼지처럼 뚱뚱하다 (chubby)
바다처럼 마음이 넓다 (generous)


N+보다 .....(compared to, more than)

With this pattern we compare two nouns.
We can also use the particle -더 which means more.

For example:
비행기가 기차보다 빨라요 => Airplanes are faster compared to trains.
여름보다 봄을 더 좋아해요 => I like spring more than summer


N+마다... (every, every once...) - frequency,repetition

It is placed after nouns that show time/period and it can be translated as "every .../every once". Sometimes it can be translated as "all".

For example:
버스가 한 시간마다 출발해요 => The bus is departing every one hour.
올림픽 게임은 4년마다 열립니다 => The Olympic Games take place every 4 years
사람마다 성격이 달라요 => Each person has their own personality.


Notice that these words can be used with two ways:

날마다	매일	every day
일주일마다	매주	every week
달마다	매월/매달	every month
해마다	매년	every year

This is also some kind of form of negation but in this case it is more like saying I can't do something (even though I probably want to do it) instead of saying I won't do it.
And of course you get to choose between two types to form this form of negation

못 + verb (conjugated)

Examples:
못 먹어요 => I cannot eat
못 갈거예요 => I cannot go


verb stem + 지 못하다

Examples:
가지 못해요 => I can't go
먹지 못했어요 => I can't eat


Keep in mind that this is the best and most polite way to tell your boss or teacher that you won't be going to work or school instead of saying 안 가요~

So far we have learned how to state a fact on our sentences. Now we are going to see how we make an interrogative sentence and how we make negative sentences.


INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES

Fairly easy.. When it comes to POLITE and CASUAL form, we simply add the question mark at the end of the sentence.

Example:
먹어요 => I am eating
먹어요? => Are you eating?


Now for the FORMAL form all we have to do is
1) drop the -다 from the ㅂ니다/습니다
2) and add -까? in its place

Example:
갑니다 => I am going
갑니까? => Are you going?


NEGATIVE SENTENCES

There are 2 ways to form negative sentences. It's all a matter of which of the two ways seems more convenient to you~

안 + verb/adjective

You conjugate like you've learned so far and you simply add 안 in front.

Example:
안 먹어요 => I am not eating
안 갑니다 => I am not going


verb stem+ 지 않다

As the above pattern shows, you take the verb stem (remember how we get this, right?) and add 지. Then you conjugate 않다 depending on the tense you want to use.

Examples:
가지 않습니다 => I am not going
가지 않아요 => I am not going
가지 않았어요 => I didn't go
가지 않을 거예요  => I will not go
and so forth...~


NOTE:

For 이다 and 있다 the negative form is a completely another word.
So don't try and conjugate them ^_^

이다 => 아니다 (instead of 안이다)
있다 => 없다
 
 

Even though I haven't tried all of them, here are some of the best free ones out there.
So if you have a smartphone, make sure to check them out.

(All links are for Android..)

VOCAB, FLASHCARDS, etc
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.htcheng.enkremember
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.startline.abc123
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.bravolol.bravolang.englishkoreanflashcards

DICTIONARIES
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=en.ko.bestdict
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.nhn.android.naverdic (ONLINE only)
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.omega.dic.en

Basic GRAMMAR
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=edu.ckcc.koreanbasicgrammar90

TOPIK
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.ICanDo.TopikKorean
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=br.com.hd1.graziani (TOTALLY WORTH BUYING! at least for me~)
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.hongik.TOPIK_5256

When it comes to the Future tense, it gets a bit complicated. Why? Because there are two future tenses in Korean..

1) PROBABLE FUTURE TENSE

With this future tense, we express that something will probably happen. Based on my experience, this is the most commonly used future tense amongst Korean speakers.

Probable Future Tense / POLITE FORM

As per usual, we need to check whether a 받침 exists or not.

Words ending with 받침 + 을 거예요
Words ending without 받침 + ㄹ  거예요

Example:
가다 = > 갈 거예요 (I will probably go)
먹다 => 먹을 거예요 (I will probably eat)

Probable Future Tense / FORMAL FORM

Pretty easy to form, as long as you know the polite form.
Here is the basic pattern

1) Form the polite future
2) Drop the 거예요
3) Add 겁니다 in its place.

Example:
가다 = > 갈 겁니다 (I will probably go)
먹다 => 먹을 겁니다 (I will probably eat)

Probable Future Tense / CASUAL FORM

Once again pretty straightforward if you know the polite form of the probable future tense.
Instead of 거예요 you use 거야.


2) INTENTIONAL FUTURE TENSE

With this future tense, we express that we intend to do something or the strong supposition that something will happen.

Intentional Future Tense / POLITE FORM

Regardless of  받침, we attach --겠어요 after the verb stem.

Example:
가다 = > 가겠어요 (I will go (I intend to do so))
먹다 => 먹겠어요 (I will eat (I intend to do so))

Intentional Future Tense / FORMAL FORM

Regardless of  받침, we attach --겠습니다 after the verb stem.

Example:
가다 = > 가겠습니다 (I will go (I intend to do so))
먹다 => 먹겠습니다 (I will eat (I intend to do so))

Intentional Future Tense / CASUAL FORM

Once again pretty straightforward if you know the polite form of the intentional future tense. You simply drop the -요 from 겠어요.


*** Sometimes the intentional future tense is used to express a question or a way of thinking in a more polite way. 
For example:
여기까지 알겠어요? => Did you understand (get it?) so far?

Please make sure you've read this one first.

N에서...N까지 (location)

집에서 백화점까지 1시걸려요. => From the house to the department store it takes 1 hour.


N부터...N까지 (time, duration)

1시부터 2시까지 텔레비전을 봐요. => From 1 until 2 I watch tv.

In other words, 에서 and 부터 mean FROM and 까지 means UNTIL, TO depending the situation we are describing.


(으)로 (way/method,means)

Could be translated into "towards", "by", "with" and shows how something is done.

Words ending with 받침 +으로
Words ending without 받침 +로

Can be combined with particles such as 부터

Examples:
한국어를 선생님으로부터공부해요 => I am learning Korean from the teacher
종이를 가위로 잘라요. => I am cutting the paper with scissors.
부산에 기차로 가요. => I am going to Busan by train.


N + 하고 or 과/와 or (이)랑 AND, WITH (connecting nouns)

They all mean "AND" or "WITH". 
In spoken language, people prefer using (이)랑 instead of 과/와 which is mostly used in more formal situations and written speech.

Words ending with 받침 +이랑
Words ending without 받침 +랑

Words ending with 받침 +과
Words ending without 받침 +와
***Please note that 과 is used with words ending in 받침 instead of 와..!!

While (이)랑 and 하고 can be attached to the final noun of the sentence, 과/와 cannot be attached. Also we cannot use all of them at once in one sentence. Meaning we cannot have the first noun using 과/와 and the second noun using (이)랑 and 하고. If we start using  과/와 we use it all the way.

Examples:
삼촌과 살아요. => I live with my uncle.
연필하고 지우개가 필요해요. => I need a pencil and an eraser.
나는 제인이랑 지나랑 같이 살아. => I live with Jane and Gina.


N(이)나   (OR)

Pretty much self explanatory, right? You simply attach it on the first noun (when comparing two) or on all nouns except for the last one (usually).

Words ending with 받침 +이나
Words ending without 받침 +나

Examples:
아침에 우유나 주스를 마셔요. => I drink milk or juice in the morning.



N의 (possession) OF...

This particle could have the meaning of "OF".
It shows possession.

Examples:
너의 책 => That book of yours (meaning "your book")
여인의 향기 => Scent of a woman


N에게(서)/한테(서) TO..(from)

For living objects (recipients) as opposed to -에(서). Mostly used with these verbs:

주다 (to give)	오다 (to come)
선물하다 (to give a present)	전화하다 (to make a phonecall)
던지다 (to throw sth)	물다 (to ask,inquire)
보내다 (to send)	가르치다 (to teach)
부치다 (to ship sth)	말하다 (to speak)
붙이다 (to attach sth)	팔다 (to sell)
쓰다 (to write)	가다 (to go)

Even though later on we will learn more about how we talk to the elder or people of higher social status, for this case keep in mind that:
Instead of 에게/한테 we use -께.

Easier to understand with some examples, right? Ok here goes.

Examples:
제이에게 전화해요. => I am calling Jay.
내 생일에 친구에게서 선물을 받았어요. =>I got a present from my friend on my birthday.
할아버지께 돈을 받았어요. =>I got money from my grandfather.

So far we have learned the present tense of verbs. But is that enough to start creating our own sentences? No, it is not. Even if we had the necessary vocabulary, we would still need particles to create a perfect sentence.

은/는 (TOPIC/SUBJECT PARTICLE)
This particle is used to show to others what the topic of the sentence is all about. Also used in cases when we make a general or actual statement

Words ending with 받침 +은
Words ending without 받침 +는

For example:
저는 학생이에요.  => I am a student.
The topic here is me (저). It would make more sense if we translated it like this: "As for me, I am a student."
내일은 학교에 가요. => I am going to school tomorrow.
The topic here is tomorrow (내일). It would make more sense if we translated it like this:"As for tomorrow, I am going to school"



이/가 (SUBJECT PARTICLE)
This particle is used to show the subject of the sentence. It indicates a certain person or thing that both the speaker and listener know of. 

Words ending with 받침 +이
Words ending without 받침 +가

For example:
민혁이 먹어요. => Minhyeok is eating (who?)
날씨가 추워요. => The weather is cold (what?)



은/는 vs 이/가
Most of the time they can be interchangeably used. If you are confused as to which one to use, ask yourself first "WHO?" or "WHAT?" and if your sentence contains the answer, then 이/가 most probably is more appropriate to use.
You can think of the difference between "A/AN" and "THE" in English.

Apples are red = 사과는 빨간색이에요  (A general or actual statement about apples)
The apple is red = 사과가  빨간색이에요 (A particular apple)

Also keep in mind that 이/가 is usually followed by adjectives or descriptive verbs.


을/를 (OBJECT PARTICLE)
This particle is used to show the object of the sentence and it cannot be used with adjectives and descriptive verbs but only with verbs that show action.

Words ending with 받침 +을
Words ending without 받침 +를

For example:
저는 라면을 먹어요. =>  (As for me) I eat ramen.
숙제를 해요. => I do homework.


에 (TIME/PLACE PARTICLE)
It is attached after words related to time and place. When used after words related to place,  a verb that shows motion follows.

3시에 만나요. => Let's meet at 3 o'clock
커피숍에 가요 => I am going to the coffee shop.

Most commonly followed by these verbs:

가다 (to go)	오다 (to come)
다니다 (to attend,commute)	돌아가다 (to return)
도착하다 (to arrive)	올라가다 (to go up, ascend)
내려가다 (to go down, descend)

Please note that when it is followed by 있다/없다 it shows someone's/something's location and could be translated as "exists or is (doesn't exist/ isn't)". Confused? Check the example:
강아지가 소파에 있어요. => The puppy is on the couch.

IMPORTANT: This particle can NEVER go after these words:

어제 (yesterday)	그제/그저께 (day before yesterday)
언제 (when?)	오늘 (today)
내일 (tomorrow)	모래 (day after tomorrow)

Can combine it with -도/는 = 에도/에는

도 (ADDITION/EMPHASIS)
Now that we know all the above particles we can proceed to -도. It can mean "also" or "too". Used as is, regardless of 받침.

For example:
하나는 학생이에요. = > Hannah is a student.
미나도 학생이에요 => Mina is a student too! / Mina is also a student!
나도 / 저도! => Me too!

For now, please note that it is used only when the subjects are not the same.
If the subject is the same, then we use 또한.
(We will learn later on how to use 도 for the same subject)

For example:
미나는 학생이에요. => Mina is a student.
(미나는) 또한 댄서예요. => Mina is also a dancer.



에서 (PLACE)
This particle has two uses
1) It can show where an action takes place. Used as the English "in","at" or "on".
     커피숍에서 만나요. => We will meet at the coffee shop.
2) It can act as the English "From" when talking about places/distance.
    그리스에서 얼마나 걸려요? => How long does it take from Greece?
When used as "from" it is almost always followed by 까지.

Can combine it with -도/는 = 에서도/에서는

POLITE PRESENT TENSE

Ok now off to the polite conjugation. Here we have a lot of exceptions, which may at first seem hard, but the more you use the verbs it will become easier to remember the right usage.

Remember we talked about the verb stem ending, right? The same goes here BUT this time you check out the final vowel of the verb stem. Yes, regardless of the existence of 받침 you check the vowel.

So the basic rule is this:

If the final vowel is ㅏ or  ㅗ then you add +아요 .
가다 =>가요 (to go)
자다 => 자요 (to sleep)

If the final vowel is NOT ㅏor ㅗ then you add +어요.
먹다 =>먹어요 (to eat)
배우다 => 배워요 (to study)

All the verbs that end in 하다, conjugate to 해요.

Please note that the majority of the verbs that end in 하다 are NOUN+하다 . However exceptions, such as 피곤하다, do exist.
피곤하다 => 피곤해요 (to be tired)
수영(을)하다 =>  수영(을)해요 (to swim)

Some exceptions, that cannot be categorized, follow:

쓰다 =>써요 (to write)
크다 => 커요 (to be big)
예쁘다 => 예뻐요 (to be pretty)

1) Verbs with ㄷ 받침 stem change the ㄷ to ㄹ. 
걷다 => 걸어요 (to walk)
듣다 => 들어요 (to hear)
묻다 => 물어요 (to ask)

Verbs that DO NOT follow this exception, are as follows:
받다 (to receive)
묻다 (to bury)
닫다 (to close)
믿다 (to believe)

If you know any other verbs that I left out, please contact me so I can update the list^^

2) Verbs with ㅂ 받침 stem change the ㅂ to 워요.
덥다 => 더워요 (to be hot (for weather))
춥다 => 추워요 (to be cold (for weather))
맵다 => 매워요 (to be spicy)
가볍다 => 가벼워요 (to be light)
쉽다 => 쉬워요 (to be easy)

3) Verbs whose stem ends with 르 lose the ㅡ and get an extra ㄹon the previous syllable.
부르다 => 불러요 (to sing, call someone)
모르다 => 몰라요 (to not know)
자르다 => 잘라요 (to cut)
다르다 => 달라요  (to be different)
빠르다 => 빨라요 (to be fast)

4) Verbs whose stem ends with ㅡ they lose the ㅡ.
아프다 => 아파요 (to hurt,be in pain)
바쁘다 => 바빠요 (to be busy)
나쁘다 => 나빠요 (to be bad)

5) Verbs whose stem ends with ㅅ they lose the ㅅ.
잇다 => 이어요 (to link,join)
낫다 => 나아요 (to recover, get well)
긋다 => 그어요 (to underline)

6) Verbs whose ending is 이다 change to 여요.
마시다 => 마셔요 (to drink)
보이다 => 보여요 (to be seen,visible)


CASUAL PRESENT TENSE

Casual speech is pretty straightforward.  You simply remove the -요 from the polite form speech.

In Korean, unlike other languages ​​, the statement syntax is as follows :

Subject - Object - Verb (Subject - Object - Verb or simply SOV)
 (주어 - 목적어 - 동사)

미나 씨 가 책 을 읽어요 Mina reads a book.
 (주어 - 목적어 - 동사)

Using particles, we can determine what the object is , what the subject is etc.The endings of verbs specify the following :

1) Tense. (past , present, future) 
2) Honorifics. (whether the subject of the sentence or the listener is of higher social status) 
3) Formality
4) Mood. (whether the sentence is question , command, suggestion etc.)

미나 씨 가 책 을 읽어요? Does Mina read a book? 
미나 씨 가 어제 책 을 읽었 어요 Mina read a book yesterday. 
미나 씨 가 학교 에 가요. Mina goes to school (Speaker is older or of higher social status from Mina) 
미나 씨 가 학교 에 가세요. Mina goes to school (Mina is older or of higher social status from the speaker)

Here are the basic verb endings of the present tense, based on formality levels.

Base Form	Formal	Polite	Casual (informal)
가다	갑니다	가요	가
먹다	먹습니다	먹어요	먹어
만들다	만듭니다	만들어요	만들어

And right now you are probably wondering how we decide between certain endings. That's pretty straightforward and, on a side note, it is usually unknown to native Korean speakers. If you ask them how you differentiate the endings, they have no idea how to explain that~

If you see the base form of the verbs, you will come to realize that they all end in -다. Whatever is  before the -다, we will call it verb stem. Now remember we said that Korean alphabet, just like any other alphabet, consists of vowels and consonants? Well, if your verb stem ends in a consonant, we say it has a 받침, which literally means final consonant.

So 가다 (to go) doesn't have a 받침 whereas 먹다 (to eat)  has one.
But what about 만들다? It has a 받침 so why did you use -ㅂ니다 instead of -습니다 ?
Well if you want to find out the conjugation rules, you have to check our next lesson~